Maghar

The Way of the Hosts – The Legend of Csaba

In Hungarian mythology the youngest son of Attila (Etele) was called Csaba, which in Turkic and old Hungarian also meant shepherd, the “shepherd of the people”. This legend is about the mythical guardianship he symbolizes for the people of Transylvanian Hungarians who treat him as their ancestor and guardian “angel” in a loosely translated sense. The Transylvanian-Hungarian anthem even calls to him for his protection.

After the death of Attila in 453AD, his elder son Aladár, rushed to take the reins of government. The Germanic chiefs and their allies were able to surprise and kill him before he reached his destination. His brothers, scattered over the country, were pushed out by the rebellion of the Gepids, Sverves and Visigoths (Germanic tribes). Dengezik ruled from the area of the Don and Dniper rivers, a still large Hun Empire, constantly fighting the Gepids, Goths and Byzantium (Eastern Roman Empire). In 469 he died in battle. The Hun nations however continued in this region.

Attila’s youngest son Chaba (historic Irnak), whose mother was the daughter of the Byzanteen general Honorius, relinquished the Carpathian basin with his depleted nation, to rejoin his eastern relations. They returned to strengthen themselves, so they may be strong enough to return and also to cleanse Attila’s holy sword in the waves of the circular sea, to restore it’s magical powers.

At the border territory of Transylvania, he left 3,000 young warriors under the leadership Örmedzur, to keep guard over the land. These men were the ancestors of the Seklers. (Segel=border guard). The field of Chigle was their home, which today is the country of Csík in Transylvania. Before their separation Chaba prayed to their god Damacsek, that whenever his people were in trouble the forces of nature shall warn him, and he will return to protect them, even from the ends of the earth. The message carriers of earth, water, air, and fire will reach him wherever he might be.

They barely reached the other side of the Carpathian mountains, before the neighbors of the Sekel rose against them. The earth began to tremble and the crowns of the pine trees shake and sent the news to the departing men of the imminent danger of their brothers. So a party of their armies returned and scattered their enemies.

One year latter the residents of the valley again became jelous of the tranquility of the Sekel’s and they threatened them with their armies. The stream ran screaming into the river, the river to the sea, carrying the message for help, which arrived in time and saved them. Three years later new nations surrounded the Sekel, and it soon became a contest of life and death. The breeze would not be fast enough to reach their kinsmen, staying at this time among kinsmen in Greece, but sitting on the wings of the windstorm or the plains, it found them far in the southwest and for the third time helped them to achieve victor over their enemies.

After a while, Chaba and his people left Greece and returned to Scythia. He took with him his mother who he presented to the nobility of Scythia. The Hun nobility looked down on him for he was not a pure noble Hun blood and even more so after he married a Choresmian woman. His clan grew into a tribe in Scythia and is believed to be the Aba clan which returned to Hungary with Arpad’s Magyar confederacy.

Meanwhile in Transylvania, a long time elapsed, the young saplings became giant old trees, the weapons of the young warriors were handed down to their grandchildren. From the boarder guards a new nation developed. From the border lands a new country developed, which were led by their chiefs, the Rabon-bán. (Bán is marsgrave in Hungarian) It was a long time before new neighbors came to being who dared to threaten them. This however did not take forever to happen and again a tremendous army arose and attacked the Sekels, who in time began to waiver. But the traveling star of the Sekel’s did not sleep, remembering the promises to the gods, carried their message in burning light from the earth to the halls of heaven, to the long dead hero Chaba. Down below, the last of the battles was in preparation, with a handful of the survivors facing the enemy, when all at once the drumbeat of the hooves of their steeds and the clatter of arms and armor was heard from above, and the brilliant starry army paraded in the heavens above. The brothers, who in times of danger returned three times in the past, have again returned in just a nick of time again.

Like silent ghosts in a long line they crossed the heavens and flew down to earth, where the snow capped mountains reach to the sky. No one could escape the ones who cannot be wounded. Panic struck the sea of attackers and they fled in all directions. Since then the Sekel has been at guard on the frontier and soon perhaps this trust will no longer be required… (Through most of Hungarian history their special charge was boarder-guardsmen.) The path of the shining ghostly army, on which they came and went, became permanent and unremoveable from the dome of heaven, caused by the hooves of their horses, which are visible during midnight as the milky strip shinning in the sky. This strip of light, the “Way of the Souls” from thereafter we called the “way of the hosts”, reminding us of Chaba and his heroic father Attila.

When, under the leadership of Arpad, the Magyar brother nation appeared in the east, to take over the inheritance of Attila, they immediately made alliance with them. They were kept in their tasks as boarder guards for the new nation, with special priviledges and their own lands and leaders. They have never waivered in their duties to the present, as Rumanians and Russians have taken their lands, they are still there.

Definitions and comparisons of the legend and its names and terms:

Attila’s son Dengezik means “sea storm” in Cuman Turkic.

Attila’s son Aladár supposedly is from the Alanic language meaning centurion. They were one of the allied people of the Huns, of Indo European origin (Iranic language). In Hungarian legends they are also the wives of the Scythian men of the ancestors of the Huns and Magyars indicating a close family relationship. They are credited in transferring the Hun and north Messopotamian sword cult to early England as Excalibur and King Arthur legends, since they were recruited from Pannonia by the Romans, including their sword smithing tribe known as caliburnus. The sword in the rock was a north Messopotamian motif originating from the Scythians who are also North Messopotamian in origin who eventually were conquered by the Iranian Sauramatians. “black cloaks”.

The explanation of Attila and fejEDE-lem (ruler)

The name Attila as written today is completely in a wrong form, based on western European spelling rather than old Hungarian. That is why it’s explanation from German is also totally wrong and illogical.

The Ural-Altaic explanation of Attila’s name

Ete-le =old Hungarian for Attila. The meaning can be easily explained using old FinnoUgrian as well as Altaic languages to which the Huns belonged. Proto Uralic *ede = lead, front becoming in Hungarian elö due to a common *D’ > L change. Proto Altaic *ed-er=lead man, leader with an identical root to Uralic & FinnUgor. That is why some people claim that there was an earlier Ural-Altaic language family to which, the eastern Altaic and western Uralic branch of languages descended from. Hungarian belonged to an ancient western branch with very little eastern traits among Hungarian racial types except of course the allied Turkic groups. These two forms of the word are recreations based on descendant languages in both groups and as such are many thousand years old — at least 8,000 years old, which coincides with the great flood of the Black Sea which is recounted by the Sumerian myth of Gilgamesh. There were other languages which also have this word in new word of derivation which I will now introduce.

Old Hungarian fej-EDE-lem = ruler, archaic term for king. fej=chief/head/main while the suffix lem is a generic suffix like the English -ship suffix. Also in Turkic “lem” and in Sumerian it’s “-nam”. Hurrian is an ancient northern Messopotamian language of the earliest non Semitic people of North Messopotamia, who were there long before the Semites who came from Arabia and north Africa. The land and aboriginals of the area were also called Subar, Supar, etc by many ancient languages of Messopotamia. A name which one of Arpad’s sons in Byzantium also claimed as the original name of his people. Whether this meant just the Magyar clan or all Hungarian tribes is unknown. Up to the 15th century there was a county of Madzsar Agadzor in Armenia preserving their memory along with legends of their origin from Nimrod’s son Sevortik. (see the New Arab Encyclopedia) Egyptian literature also claimed all of north Messopotamia to be designated as MAGAR, while Messopotamians called it SUPAR. (Wallace Budge, “an Hyeroglyphic Dictionary”-see the geographic index in volume 2.)

AD-AL =king in Hurrian, AL can also mean lord in Hurrian but more likely just a suffix here. IURI =lord in Hurrian (UR in Hungarian, but also in FinnoUgrian for the lead male!) BARI =kingdom in Hurrian, which in Hungarian is BIRO-DA-LOM, meaning empire. The same term BAR in Sumerian means king, ruler. TARSHUA=all the people in Hurrian, which in Hungarian TARSHA-SAG=society using a suffix SHAG in Hungarian for the generalization found also in Hurrian as SHA where the G ending was dropped. In Sumerian SHAG =head, high just as in Ugrian and it also is used to designate people in general. For example SAG-GIG=black heads, refers to the common people. Refer to the works of Speiser on Hurrian/Subarian language research.

It is especially in the mythology and art of the Hurrians where we find the prominent place of the tree of life which in some art forms is the prototype of the 8th century Hungarian palmette style found on many metal ornaments and which is mistakenly atributed to Iranian influence. The fact is that much of Iranian art and building forms originate from the Hurrians which have been in north Messopotamia well before 3,000 BC. Their lands coincides with the Biblical land of Mount Ararat, from whence the great rivers of Messopotamia originate. This is also called the land of Eden in the Bible although the Sumerian term EDEN means plains not mountains.

Similarly southern Messopotamia originally was also non Semitic, and the main culture there which we now call Sumerian, whose origin was also from the north, from around the Black Sea area. However the so called Sumerians never called themselves or their language by this term since their chief tongue was called EMEGIR and their country was called KIENGI. The term UR in their language means hero, giant and also guard. Hungarian ÖR=guard, ORI-as=giant. Possibly linked to ÖR-medzur. MEDZUR actually sound like an archaic form of Madzar=Magyar the ruling/kingly tribe found amongst eastern Scythians also.

And now for the main point to this long winded introduction to ancient history;

The legend of Csaba (Chaba) the shepherd and guardian of the people is originally written down in Sumerian, though this does not prove it’s Sumerian origin, for it could be much older and be but a story brought by the Sumerians from their original northern home beyond the Caucasus. See the National Geographic underwater expeditions in the Black Sea, researching the biblical or Sumerian legend of the Flood.

Chaba or SEB was a guardian and shepherd also in Turkic and Hungarian, CHOBAN, Sumerian �ib-ad = shepherd, pasture; but he was a semi-divine person who was the husband of the Sumerian goddess INANA who every fall is taken down into hell causing the death of vegetation and every spring is released to cause the rebirth of nature. No his name has nothing in common with the English Sheep-herder since the root word is not sheep. This is a good example of a coincidence. His most commonly known name is the later Messopotamian TAMUZ or the earlier Sumerian DAMUZIG the person to whom Chaba prayed to in the written account of the old Transylvanian Chronicle as DAMACSEK.

The old Hungarian language also has an unusual sound change where the intervocalic M often changes to V, in the root word. There are ample evidence of this in many examples compared to the other FinnoUgrian langauges and Sumerian. Similarly here the TAMUZ name changed to TAVASZ meaning Spring time, the rebirth of nature/plants etc. This rebirth was also symbolized by the ancient custom of preparing Easter eggs by Hungarians, Ob-Ugrians, Iranians, Huns etc. Hun painted eggs have been found in Hun graves in Hungary! I have examples. The act of watering the ladies was also to make them fertile symbolically.

There is another aspect of the legend of Chaba from yet another northern source. The legend of the Khorezmian Scythians Chaba was also symbolized as the guardian semi divine horseman “Sabasios” or “Sievus” the divine ancestor of Chorezm, often shown on their seals and art. (S.P. Tolstov, Ancient Chorezm- in Russian & Hungarian) Naturally here we are only assosciating a common name to Chaba and not the same person. Chorezmia was founded also by the Hurrians “churri”.

Remember that Chaba married a Chorezmian woman in the legend. There is another distant corroboration to this story from as far away as India where there are stories of Scythians of the Chaba tribe of Chorezm since some of them also went to India.

by Fredi Hamori

Hungarian Mythology I.

God and his helpers
by Fred Hamori

The follwing essay also reveals who is the true creator of the humanity…

This only a short summary of Hungarian Mythology starting from before their conversion to Christianity. This first part will mainly be about God and his helpers, other parts will deal with the Devil and his deimons and Mythical Heroes.

The last millennium has obliterated much of the old traditions, especially since there was a strong anti-Hungarian propaganda in the Church, which tried to prove that the Christian Church was responsible for all that was good like religion, culture, letters and everything was thought to the “wild and nomadic” Hungarians by the church. This must always be taken with a healthy dose of skepticism especially since we have records and physical proof showing that Hungarians were literate using a script similar to the Central Asian Turks and the some of the Scythians, whose earliest remnants were found near Alma Ata. (Isik) Words for book, letters, writing are all from the east. Most of the words associated with religion, farming, cities, tools and basic professions were not European in origin in Hungarian but were from Asia.. therefore they were brought with them from their earlier homeland and not thought to them by the “civilized and cultured” Europeans, as the church maintained so long. Especially since this was the Dark Ages in Europe at that time. In any case after more than a millennium of living in the center of Europe, much of the Hungarian language has been Europeanized in the sense and meaning of their words. This sometimes causes problems in properly understanding the old meaning of some words in ancient times.

The type of religion they practiced was monotheistic, where god was a formless spirit, never represented with images and often associated with the Sun and the sky. Remnants of this association are found even today in remote Transylvanian villages. The following references from the European chroniclers of the time remain.. Recent evidence and research that many of the Huns & Sabirs who lived in the Caucasus were Christianized and these were in close contact with the Hungarians. The Georgian and Albanian early chronicles documented their conversion to Christianity under the guidance of Cardinal Israel and their building of Churches and translating and writing of the bible into their own language and their own runic script, whose remnants (the writing method) survived in Hungary into modern times.

Early Reference to their religion.

Theopylaktos Simocata /Greek/ : “The Turks (Hungarians) respect fire, air, water and even the earth and sing praises to earth, however they only worship the one who created heaven and earth.” [Note the Greeks called Hungarians at first Turks and only later did they get familiar with their proper Magyar (Macar) name after they settled next to them.]

Abufeda /Arab? or Persian/ :”The Magyars are a Turkic nation, their territory is between the Bedsenak (later absorbed by Hungarians) and the Sikul (also absorbed by Hungarians). Both were eastern nations in origin.

The other neighboring nations of the Hungarians before their settlement in their current homeland also had a similar religion as the following examples show.

Menander: The Avar-Hun Khan swears to the god of fire “deus ignis, aui in coelo est.”

Desguignes (French historian) “.. The Hiung-nu king Tanjou, as his name indicates him to be the ‘son of heaven and earth’, worshipped the sun at dawn and the moon at night, and gave offerings to the sky and to the earth.” [This refers to the eastern Hun emperor.]

Herodotus /Greek/ “.. amongst the gods they (Scythians) worship the following: first of all Hestia (fire)..”

In the first contact with Hungarians, some Christian priests believed them to be Christian due to their religious manners. However at the time of their settlements there were some who were also Manichean and some were Muslim as well. Many however were simply a variation of the Magian/Parse religion as is indicated by their religious terminology. God=Isten, Heaven=Meny, Hell=Pokol, Devil=Ordog are found in eastern Manichean terminology also. Greek references to the house of Álmos the father of Árpád, and the first Hungarian dynasty (in Europe) state that their religion was Manichean.

Priestly titles:
Táltos Priest king (root-word is wisdom, knowledge “Tud, Tut”
Magoch Magus, Magian priest (root-word magia=bonfire)
Bacsa,Baksa Priest of crafts, science
Harsány Priest of song and ceremonies
Arbis Priest of medicine (modern “doctor”=Orvos)
Barus,Rasdi Priest of magic (modern Varázs)
Garabonciás Priest of storm black magic. (from Kara-pan)

The name of the “bonfire” or the sacred flame of old, remains as Magia in modern Hungarian, recalling the old Magus priests who maintained the sacred flames.

The most typical Hungarian word for a church (not used by Catholics) is even today called Egy-ház, which in a simplistic way is translated as the house of ONE. However this same word EDGY or ÜGY is also holy in meaning and the word for GOD in Hungarian IS-TEN is also related to the universal ONE god, since in Babylon and Persia also a special word described the universal ONE as ISTEN (Babylon) and YSTEN (Persia). Hungarian legends all state that they came from the borderlands of Persia. This word ISTEN is not Persian in origin as far as I know. It can be best explained with Sumerian from the word ASH-TEN (first/one creator). The TEN word means godly spirit in the other Altaic languages also, and perhaps they passed the word even to the Chinese as the word for heaven “tien”. The word is also found in early Parthian as shown by an inscription on one of their temples to the goddess Nana. (N.N. Y.S.T.N.) It was the Parthians and not the Persians who ruled during the time of Christ, and from their territory came the three wise men.

The Creator God

The chief god and creator of the world therefore was called ISTEN and is still the Hungarian word for God. Today it is still used in the neighborhood of Persia, by the Kurds according to some tourists. I don’t know the circumstances of the usage, as it may be just a special title there.

The IS-TEN word is based on the archaic variation of the word for first & ancestor. Elso =As,es while first Os,us =ancestor.. as the ancestor of everything, the creator. The word Iz/is can also mean fiery. Ten can be related to the word TENY-esz meaning to breed, genetically manipulate, …create new life forms.

Other references to the name ISTEN for god found in Manfred Lurker’s, Lexicon der Gotter und Demonen, Stutgard, 1904.

ISTEN or ISDEN in Egypt a god related to TOTH (scribe and wisdom), in the later’s aspect as cynocephalus hamadryas./?/ In Hungarian TUD also means knowledge.

ISTANU was the Hittite sun-god, the Hattic form is ESTAN (=sunday). One of his main attributes is a winged sun as part of his head-dress.

ISTEN; Supreme god of the Hungarians. Among his attributes; the arrow, the Tree, the Horse.

Other important titles of God are “creator”, TEREM-tö” based on the root word TEREM, for creation, grow and flourish. Certain Finno- Ugrian tribes also use the TAREM word for the name of their chief god of heaven. While linguists may still be arguing about the original and common Finn-Ugor meaning of the root word, it is quite obvious in Hungarian. The name can be found as far east as the name of the Tarim Basin in western China and in India as the name of the Tree of Life among the Dravidian language family. In Sumerian his name Darama, was one of the titles of the god of knowledge and creator of many plants, better known as ENKI. In the Middle Ages a variation of this “pagan” god(?) DOROMO,DRUMO was made a devil by the Christian church, all the more so since its ancient dwelling according to the Sumerians was the deep subteranean waters. His son Saba (Hungarian Csaba) or Dumuzi (Hungarian Damacsek) was also retained in the early Pagan Szekely-Hungarian chronicle, as the god to which Csaba prayed to before returning to Scythia with his Hun army..

In old stories god is often described as living in the 7th heavens, in a golden kingdom. However he does interact with this world and he sometimes hurls great stones to earth “stones of heaven=menykö, or in anger may shoot his arrows down to earth “god’s arrow =istennyila”. Fires started from such lightning bolts were the source of the sacred flames tended by priests.

The best explanation I ever saw for the Hungarian name of God came from Persia, which was quite precise and closer to the original meaning than today’s Christianized form. It describes the perfect unity, self generated, not constituted of matter but ethereal, the uncreated creator of all. This comes from the archaic Yzdan-ite holy book the Dab-Istan, a religion which is pre-Persian.

While the Hungarians of the 10th century were monotheists in the sense that there was one god to which all was subservient, they also had memories of more archaic times, and these ancient gods were over time made to be angels, nymphs, heroes and devils, due sometimes to the influence of their newer religion.

One of the most beneficial of the ancient goddesses was called by several names:

Nagy Asszony meaning Great Queen.

Boldog Asszony meaning Bountiful & Glad Queen.

Baba meaning midwife, but also meaning God in some isolated Hungarian communities in the Carpathians.(Csango dialects)

In the lowlands of the Hungarian plains, the mirage of the sun is also called Déli Báb, the noonday BAB, the feminine mate of the Sun which is typically translated as FATA MORGANA.

She was the benefactor of marriages, childbirth, agriculture. These I believe were though to be the same, however they may have been differentiated in the distant past. The term “Boldog Asszony” was a predominantly associated with marriage and childbirth, and some women in the Hungarian city of Szeged still worshipped her in recent times after their childbirth and there are many folk customs associated with her, including the birthing bed. Her day is Tuesday, when women were warned not to wash or dirty the water. Apparently she was associated with fresh water also, like the eastern Scythian Anahita the source of fresh waters.

She was also associated with agriculture as many Hungarian folk holidays of Boldog Asszony are agriculturally named, and have nothing to do with Christianity. She was included into Hungarian Catholicism to ease the way to conversion, as the grandmother of Christ and today there are many hymns to her. In the east the Manichean religion also had a pure goddess of Joy, called RAM-ratuk. (RAMA=Hungarian OROM).

Historical association of the names show that these are early Mesopotamian in origin. For example the goddess of birth and fertility in Sumerian was called BAU meaning bounty, while DUG also meant gladness. From this one can readily get BODOG, which also means gladness in Hungarian while just BÖ means bounty.

The other title “Asszony” means queen in early 10th century Hungarian. Today it means lady. This word also is most closely associated with early Elamite, the neighbors of the Sumerians where USAN (ref. DS109,L301) means goddess. The same word in Sumerian of the Emesal dialect is GASAN meaning queen, lady (ref. G182). The chief Sumerian dialect Emegir uses the term NIN for lady, which is also still used in Hungarian Neni (lady, aunt..). The Accadians also borrowed it as ASATU meaning just wife (?). Persian also uses a more distorted form of the word, derived from the aboriginals of Iran, the Elamites. Often linguists state that Hungarians obtained the word from Iranians, who only got it from their aboriginals, whose language is much closer related to Hungarian than Persian was.

In Babylonian mythology BAU was also the wife of Nimrud which was a chief god at one period, hence the important Assyrian city of Nimrud. In Hungarian mythology he is not a god but a mythical ancestor of several nations, including Hungarians, Scythians and Iranians, who according to Hungarian traditions lived 201 years after the flood. That would make him a Pre-Sumerian king, possibly Elamite. (Elamites, Medes, Parthians? rather then Persians proper.) Hungarians including their neighbors all had stories of a mythical giant ancestor (like Nimrud) to whom they gave respect. Finnish Veine_MONEN while the Sabir Huns also had a giant ancestor. So it is no wonder that when they became Christians the NIMRUD name was adopted instead of the NEMERE name, which is often the name of the wild wind in Transylvania. The original Sumerian NINURTA or NIMURTA was also the wild southern wind, and the god of war. But Hungarian Chroniclers sometimes called him by his Scythian or Greek name Heracles, which the Romans took over as Hercules. This name also is from the east.

The chief holidays of Boldogaszony, the mother-goddess, was Christmas, which in Hungarian is called Kara’chon, a word also borrowed by Russians, Rumanians, Slovaks from the early eastern horsemen for Christmas. It means the new year, turning point of the sun. However if one takes notice of pronunciation distortions then Kara-acsony/aszony is another way of saying Nagy-Aszony, the name of the Great Queen, to which the Sun God Mithra sacrifices the bull at the end of the year, to free the sun. The earliest references to “Karácson” is from Iran, where January was called “Karasanaj” in early ancient references. “Kara/Kora” is root word for big in Hungarian found in composite words only. (me- kora=how big).

In Hungarian Mythology Boldog Aszony had seven daughters, who brought good things to mankind. In Assyrian/Babylonian mythology she was called Bau or ANUTA, which was the same as the mythical wife of Nimrud in Hungarian mythology ENETH, who also had 7 daughters.. the 7 days of the week. Whereas Nimrud ruled over 365 kings.. the days of the year as the Babylonian sun god.

TÜNDÉR

The ancient angels in Hungarian mythology became nymphs and special aerial phenomenon’s under Christian influence. These are called TÜN- DÉR. The word relates to the Altaic languages TEN-GRI and Sumerian DIN-GIR.. the lesser gods of the Sumerians of Messopotamia. The queen of the “nymphs” which were often associated with heaven and wet places, mountains etc. was the beautiful “Tündér-ILONA”, who often was represented by the swan in Hungarian fairy tales. This could be a variation of the Parthian and Mesopotamian NANA or Sumerian goddess Dingir-INANA, the daughter of the Moon, who was the young goddess of the heavens and also at times was warlike, and a seductress. Sometimes she is called szép-aszony meaning beautiful queen, in Hungarian.

In Mesopotamia she was at times the wife of the god of vegetation and shepherds DAMUZIG/SAB in Sumerian and Mesopotamian mythology. The old Hungarian word for shepherd is CHABA just as in many Altaic languages still use the word CHOBAN, which is SIPAD in Sumerian. Dumuzi or SABA, was also the Sumerian god of the rebirth of spring, and shepherds and is the source of the Hungarian word for Spring TAVAS. (MU often changes to V in Hungarian) from the later form of DUMUZI which became TAMUZ, in later Mesopotamian usage.

References for information on Hungarian Mythology


Kandra Kabos, “Magyar Mythologia”, Eger, 1897

Ipolyi Arnold, “Magyar Mythologia”, Pest, 1854

Dr Zakar András, “A Szumér Hitvilág és a Biblia”, 1973 (2nd publishing)

Dr Varga Zsigmond, “Az Ösmagyar Mitologia Szumir és Ural-Altáji Öröksége”, San Francisco, 1956.

Dr Bobula Ida, ” The Great Stagg, A “Sumerian divinity”, reprint from Ancient and Medieval History,
University of Buenos Aires, 1953?

Albert Wass, “Selected Hungarian Legends”, Astor, Florida 1971.

Dömötör Tékla, “Régi és mai magyar népszokások”, Budapest 1986

Lászlö Gyula, “Régészeti Tanulmányok- Az életfa és az ösi istenasszony”, Budapest.

Jankovics Marcel, “Csillagok között fényességes csillag – A szent László legenda és a csillagos ég”, Budapest 1987.